What is the leading cause of ARDS?

The leading cause of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) is sepsis. Sepsis leads to a systemic inflammatory response that can result in increased permeability of the alveolar-capillary membrane, allowing fluid to enter the alveoli and impairing gas exchange. This inflammatory process is often multi-focal, contributing significantly to the development of ARDS as it affects the lungs directly, alongside other organ systems.

While pneumonia, trauma, and shock can also contribute to the development of ARDS, they are often considered secondary pathways or causes that follow an initial event or systemic issue. Pneumonia frequently leads to sepsis, and trauma can introduce infections or other systemic complications that precipitate ARDS. Shock, especially septic shock, is also a crucial contributor, but primarily because it leads to sepsis.

In the case of sepsis, the cascade of inflammatory mediators and the resultant lung injury is particularly pronounced, making it a dominant cause of ARDS in clinical settings. This concept underscores the importance of recognizing sepsis as a critical factor for high-risk patients who may develop ARDS.